THE IMPACT OF STORM WATERS TO WATER QUALITY IN SPRINGS AND RIVERS OF KISII MUNICIPALITY, KISII COUNTY, KENYA

Authors: James Okinyi Manyara Meja*, Evans Abenga Basweti &anne Monyenye Omwoyo

ABSTRACT

Storm water causes a major contamination for surface and subsurface waters in both urban and rural areas. In Kisii municipality it is observed that the major source of contaminants are non-point source pollution from farms and urban markets/garages. The study is carried in Kisii municipality on two rivers and five spring sampling a total of nine points, springs (4) and rivers (5) between 2019-2020 were identified through water sampling. Water quality parameters (Ammonium, Turbidity, Total Dissolved Solids, Electrical Conductivity, Total Coliform Count, Fecal Coliforms, Total Nitrates, PH, Hardness, Colour, Dissolved Oxygen Concentration and Total Suspended Solids) were measured and determined using Gebesys 10S VIS Spectrophotometer at Kenya Marine Fisheries Research Institute laboratories in Kisumu. Overall mean of five parameters (Ammonium, Total Nitrates, Total Phosphates, fecal and total coliforms) exceeded recommended World Health Organization and National Environmental Management Authority standards. Maximum values of turbidity, total dissolved solids, dissolved oxygen and hardness exceed these standards during the wet period.

Keywords: Water Quality, Storm Drainages, Domestic Water

REFERENCES

  • Hartwig, L. D., Jackson, S., Markham, F., & Osborne, N. (2021). Water colonialism and Indigenous water justice in south-eastern Australia. International Journal of Water Resources Development, 1-34.
  • Environmental Management and Co-ordination (Water Quality) Regulations, 2006, Retrieved from https://www.nema.go.ke/index.PHp?option=com_content&view=article&id=28&Itemid=168 (2006).
  • WHO. (2011a). Guidelines for drinking-water quality. Geneva.
  • WHO. (2011b). World Health Organization: Nitrate and nitrite in drinking-waterBackground document for developmentof WHO Guidelines for Drinking-water Quality. WHO Press, World Health Organization, 20 Avenue Appia, 1211 Geneva 27, Switzerland: WHO Retrieved from https://www.who.int/water_sanitation_health/dwq/chemicals/nitratenitrite2ndadd.pdf.
  • Meride, Y., & Ayenew, B. (2016). Drinking water quality assessment and its effects on residents health in Wondo genet campus, Ethiopia. Environmental Systems Research, 5 (1), 1-7.
  • Henonin, Justine, Russo, Beniamino, Mark, Ole,… PHilippe. (2013). Real-time urban flood forecasting and modelling–a state of the art. Journal of Hydroinformatics, 15 (3), 717-736.
  • Douka, A. (2020). Adaptation Measures to Climate Change within the European Floods Directive (2007/60/EC). Paper presented at the Environmental Sciences Proceedings.
  • Rui, Y., Fu, D., Do Minh, H., Radhakrishnan, M., Zevenbergen, C., & Pathirana, A. (2018). Urban surface water quality, flood water quality and human health impacts in Chinese cities. What do we know? Water, 10 (3), 240.
  • Sawere, B., & Uwague, A. (2018). Determination of nitrate and nitrite in surface water in Evwreni town, Delta state. Int Res J Adv Eng Sci, 3 (3), 94-96.
  • Ngene, A. C., Aguiyi, J. C., Uzal, U., Egbere, J., Onyimba, I. A., Umera, A. E., & Nnadi, N. E. (2020). BacterioPHages as Bio-control agent against Food-Borne Pathogen E. coli O157: H7. IOSR Journal of PHarmacy and Biological Sciences, 15 (2), 23-36.
  • Ahmady, H. (2021). Study the Presence of Escherichia coli in Broiler chicken meat as potential public health threat. Kyakuwaire et al., 2019
  • Asime, L. J., Egbe, J. G., & Cecilia, E. (2020). Isolation of Escherichia coli 0157: H7 from selected food samples sold in local markets in Nigeria. African Journal of Food Science, 14 (2), 32-37 NYC, 2017).
  • Zhang, X., Chen, L., & Shen, Z. (2021). Impacts of rapid urbanization on characteristics, sources and variation of fecal coliform at watershed scale. Journal of environmental management, 286, 112195.
  • Ekici, G., & Dümen, E. (2019). Escherichia coli and food safety The Universe of Escherichia coli: Intech Open.Dozier, (2008) Göransson, 2013